Training Academy

Spectrum Management

Please find below an overview of all available training courses with regards to Spectrum Management and Monitoring:

Please do not hesitate to contact us to discuss your individual training needs.

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Your Training Contact

Dorothea Schutte

Mobile: +27 (0)82 452 6453
Phone: +27 (0)11 958 5356
E-mail: DSchutte(at)LSofSA.co.za

Get the details about the content and outcomes of our training courses by clicking at the training title

Training Focus
The spectrum management function is a task normally undertaken by the national communication regulator of a country. This function includes amongst others the licensing of spectrum, spectrum allocations, development of channel plans and the frequency coordination within the country and with its neighbouring countries. This three-day training program covers various aspects of spectrum management. It includes information on the history, important international organisations that play important roles all around the world including the ITU. There will be an overview on the spectrum usage and applications throughout the available frequency spectrum. The latest hot topics around the world related to spectrum management will be discussed. The course also include information on frequency occupation and spectrum efficiency of certain technologies.

Course Outcomes

The course will empower the participants to visualise the spectrum usage and application over the complete frequency spectrum
After the course is completed the participants will have a much clearer understanding of the regulatory function and the difficulty of the engineering and administrative tasks that the regulator need to undertake daily
The course will also clearly indicate all the role players that need to be consulted during the different regulatory tasks and functions

Prerequisites
No formal prerequisites are required but keen interest in the functions of the regulator is required. People with an engineering background will appreciate certain technology aspect more while people with other backgrounds might appreciate the negotiation skills that are required more.

Audience
The target audience include spectrum managers, regulators and policy makers. It includes information for non-engineering persons and people with a key interest in spectrum management.

Day	Course Contents
Day 1	Introduction to Spectrum Management Definitions of Spectrum Management Why was Spectrum Management introduced? What are the main components of Spectrum Management? Radio Communication Systems Principle of Radio Communication Classification of Systems Common Parameter of Radio Communication Systems Historical Overview of Spectrum and Propagation The History of the Radio Spectrum Characteristics of Radio Spectrum, how is it classified Propagation effects Modulation Schemes Analogue Modulation Digital Modulation Analogue vs. Digital Modulation Error correction and coding Spread Spectrum
Day 2	ITU and International Spectrum Management Organisations The role of the ITU in Spectrum Management The Radio Regulations Table of Frequency Allocations International Spectrum Management Organizations Spectrum Licensing Spectrum Management and Frequency Planning Reasons for Spectrum Licensing Licenses types Methods to select the Licensee Frequency coordination ITU notification Frequency Assignment Options Reasons for frequency Coordination? Harmonized Coordination Methods Best or Preferred Frequencies The Spectrum Resource: Overview of Frequency Bands Frequency Bands (ELF to EHF) Applications, Characteristics and allocations
Day 3	Spectrum Efficiency What contributes to Engineering efficiency? What contributes to Economic efficiency? Which factors influencing spectrum efficiency Example efficiencies of different technologies What are the characteristics of an efficient frequency plan Latest Developments in Radio Technology Dealing with the spectrum “capacity crunch” Mesh networks. Multi Technology planning Machine to machine (M2M) communications Sensor networks Power line telecommunications (PLT) and its use of the radio spectrum Multiple and distributed antenna networks Can we use micrometer and nanometer wavelengths? What might future wireless networks look like Low capacity data networks – Sigfox and LoRa Overview of new generation networks: LTE-M, NB-IoT, 5G Regulatory and White Space Status of white space in Africa What is white space in general radio spectrum terms? Why is white space becoming increasingly relevant? White space and cognitive radio interlinked? What does a white space database look like? What services might be offered in white space? What are the policy options for regulators? The digital Dividend The problems of analogue television and the benefits of DTT The 'double whammy' digital dividend How much spectrum can be released? 700 and 800 MHz and international harmonization

Training Focus
This course is based on the latest ITU-R recommendations, reports and handbooks and provides an introduction into the most common spectrum monitoring and measurements techniques. It is also presented theoretical background and practical examples that help in understanding specifics of administrative spectrum monitoring. The training concludes with number of practical examples.

Course Outcomes
After the training, the participants will be able to understand standards, the procedures and methods of the most common monitoring measurements, to distinguish between different measurements technologies, to respect technical limitations of measurement equipment, to present results to different user groups on a simple way.

Prerequisites
Basic understanding of radio communication is advisable.

Audience
Delegates with a basic understanding of radio communication and electromagnetic wave propagation.
Delegates with are interested in spectrum monitoring measurement and techniques.
Delegates who are employed in regulatory authorities that are supposed to execute spectrum monitoring measurements, reporting and providing early warnings to policy makers.

Day	Course Contents
Day 1	General expectations of spectrum monitoring Utilization of spectrum monitoring results Manual monitoring (ITU/ECC references, proposed procedure) Channel & band occupancy (ITU R1, ERO/ECC) Monitoring of broadcast Interference description, detection, reporting Analysis of results and reporting Automated monitoring Detection of regulatory unauthorized utilizations Inspection / certification / technical acceptance Monitoring of digitally modulated signals Real time radio occupancy monitoring (for utilizing of white space) General license compatibility monitoring /like SRD/ISM/WiFi) Monitoring of assignments (like cellular access systems or MMDS) Areal monitoring (geolocation of low power sources) Interpretation of results and publishing (what, why and when to publish)

Training Focus
This training course offers the participants with a high level understanding of the main topics of Spectrum Management, Radio Network Planning and Spectrum Monitoring over a 5-day period.

The high level breakdown of the topics that will be covered during the course is as follows:

Day	Course Contents
Day 1 and Day 2	Spectrum Management
Day 3 and Day 4	Radio Network Planning
Day 5	Spectrum Monitoring

Course Structure
The detailed breakdown of the topics that will be covered in this training course is as follows:

Day	Course Contents
Day 1	Introduction to Spectrum Management Definitions of Spectrum Management Why was Spectrum Management introduced? What are the main components of Spectrum Management? Radio Communications Systems Principle of Radio Communication Classification of Systems Common Parameter of Radio Communication Systems Historical Overview of Spectrum and Propagation The History of the Radio Spectrum Characteristics of Radio Spectrum, how is it classified Propagation effects
Day 2	ITU and International Spectrum Management Organisations The role of the ITU in Spectrum Management The Radio Regulations Table of Frequency Allocations International Spectrum Management Organizations Spectrum Licensing Spectrum Management and Frequency Planning Reasons for Spectrum Licensing Licenses types Methods to select the Licensee Frequency coordination ITU notification Frequency Assignment Options Reasons for frequency Coordination? Spectrum Efficiency What contributes to Engineering efficiency? What contributes to Economic efficiency? Which factors influencing spectrum efficiency Latest Developments in Radio Technology Dealing with the spectrum “capacity crunch” Mesh networks. Regulatory and White Space Status of white space in Africa What is white space in general radio spectrum terms? Why is white space becoming increasingly relevant? The digital Dividend The problems of analogue television and the benefits of DTT The 'double whammy' digital dividend
Day 3	Introduction Radio Network Planning Cellular Networks Targets for Radio Network Planning Planning Sequence Coverage Planning Coverage Link Budgets Basics of Wave Propagation Statistics of the Radio Channel Field Strength Predictions Measurement Techniques
Day 4	Cell Structure Planning Cell Layouts Omni Cells Sector Cells Macro, Micro, Pico Cells Site Configuration Traffic Planning Basics of Traffic Theory Capacity of Carrier Frequency Traffic Density Traffic Forecast Traffic Measurements Frequency Planning Interference Regular reuse pattern Frequency assignment with planning tools
Day 5	Spectrum Monitoring General expectations of spectrum monitoring Utilization of spectrum monitoring results Manual monitoring (ITU/ECC references, proposed procedure) Channel & band occupancy (ITU R1, ERO/ECC ) Monitoring of broadcast Interference description, detection, reporting Analysis of results and reporting Automated monitoring Detection of regulatory unauthorized utilizations Inspection / certification / technical acceptance Monitoring of digitally modulated signals Real time radio occupancy monitoring (for utilizing of white space) General license compatibility monitoring (like SRD/ISM/WiFi) Monitoring of assignments (like cellular access systems or MMDS) Areal monitoring (geolocation of low power sources) Interpretation of results and publishing (what, why and when to publish)

Training Focus
The training course offers the participants with a high level understanding of the main topics of Spectrum Management, Radio Network Planning and Foundation of Telecommunication Regulations. The course is offered over a 5-day period.

The high level breakdown of the topics that will be covered during the course is as follows:

Day	Course Contents
Day 1 and Day 2	Spectrum Management
Day 3 and Day 4	Radio Network Planning
Day 5	Foundation of Telecoms Regulation

Course Structure

Day	Course Contents
Day 1	Introduction to Spectrum Management Definitions of Spectrum Management Why was Spectrum Management introduced? What are the main components of Spectrum Management? Radio Communication Systems Principle of Radio Communication Classification of Systems Common Parameter of Radio Communication Systems Historical Overview of Spectrum and Propagation The History of the Radio Spectrum Characteristics of Radio Spectrum, how is it classified Propagation effects Modulation Schemes Analogue Modulation Digital Modulation Analogue vs. Digital Modulation Error correction and coding Spread Spectrum
Day 2	ITU and International Spectrum Management Organisations The role of the ITU in Spectrum Management The Radio Regulations Table of Frequency Allocations International Spectrum Management Organizations Spectrum Licensing Spectrum Management and Frequency Planning Reasons for Spectrum Licensing Licenses types Methods to select the Licensee Frequency coordination ITU notification Frequency Assignment Options Reasons for frequency Coordination? Spectrum Efficiency What contributes to Engineering efficiency? What contributes to Economic efficiency? Which factors influencing spectrum efficiency Latest Developments in Radio Technology Dealing with the spectrum “capacity crunch” Mesh networks. Regulatory and White Space Status of white space in Africa What is white space in general radio spectrum terms? Why is white space becoming increasingly relevant? The digital Dividend The problems of analogue television and the benefits of DTT The ‘double whammy’ digital dividend
Day 3	Introduction Radio Network Planning Cellular Networks Targets for Radio Network Planning Planning Sequence Coverage Planning Coverage Link Budgets Basics of Wave Propagation Statistics of the Radio Channel Field Strength Predictions Measurement Techniques
Day 4	Cell Structure Planning Cell Layouts Omni Cells Sector Cells Macro, Micro, Pico Cells Site Configuration Traffic Planning Basics of Traffic Theory Capacity of Carrier Frequency Traffic Density Traffic Forecast Traffic Measurements Frequency Planning Interference Regular reuse pattern Frequency assignment with planning tools
Day 5	Foundation of Telecommunication Regulations Introduction to Telecommunications regulations Technology in Context Why Regulate?? Regulatory Organisations International Frameworks Looking Ahead Universal Access & Universal Service Trends & Approaches Policy Rationale Types of Universal Access and Service Universal Access Reform Strategies for Developing Economies

Training Focus
The Spectrum Analyzer is a very necessary test instrument in the hands of the RF engineer and technician. It is used to investigate and analyze modulated RF signals, measure RF signals, monitor RF components while adjustments and/or repairs are made on RF transmission equipment.

It may be used for finding unwanted and/or illegal RF signals in a frequency band.

It is a sensitive and expensive instrument and therefore the necessary precautions should be taken into account while operating the Spectrum Analyzer.

Spectrum Analyses knowledge serves as the foundation for Network Analyzers and complex RF Signal analyzers.

Course Outcomes

After completing the three-day training course, delegates will be able to:
Know all the functions of the Spectrum Analyzer
Resolve a RF signal and measure the amplitude of a single carrier
Measure the channel power and frequency of a digital signal
Measure the frequency of a Carrier signal
Forward and reflected powers measurements using a directional coupler
Do signal to noise measurements
Measure the characteristics of a RF filter
Tune a simple RF filter

Day	Course Contents
Day 1	Fundamentals of the Spectrum Analyzer Precautions Reference level and reference level offset Use of Attenuators, internal and external Various detectors Purpose of the preamplifier RBW, VBW and Sweep Traces Noise Floor/Sensitivity, phase/sideband noise Averaging
Day 2	Noise floor Carrier power measurement Accurate measurement of channel power Adjacent channel power measurement Signal to noise measurement Use of detectors Trace displays Markers
Day 3	Practical measurements and adjustments: Measurement of a single carrier frequency and power Measurement of a digital Signal frequency and channel power Forward and reflected power measurements using directional coupler RF Filter measurement and tuning Basic direction finding using an antenna

Training Focus
5G is driven both by the need for mobile operators to quench the growing, insatiable and unquestionable thirst for mobile data, and to support new use cases and services. Numerous institutional, academic, commercial and regulatory organizations continue to work towards the commercialization of 5G services but fundamental questions remain such as what can 5G really deliver, what will 5G networks look like, and how will this impact spectrum demand, authorization and usage?

There is also the question of technology evolution: To what extent have 5G enhancements contributed towards characteristics such as the air interface, massive MIMO and network slicing, or will it be 6G that really delivers against the original vision set out by proponents of 5G?

When it comes to the question of spectrum however, there are many different views about how growth in data traffic impacts upon demand for radio spectrum. It is also evident that below 6 GHz there is very little spectrum remaining that can be re-farmed for mobile services and much of the focus for new spectrum for future mobile (5G and 6G) services is concentrated above 6 GHz. New spectrum being proposed for 6G will be in the THz range which means the signal propagation will be limited but offers extremely wide bandwidths. How feasible is it to deliver mobile services at such high frequencies? Are there ways to use existing spectrum more efficiently, or are current mobile technologies such as LTE Advanced and 5G already very close to the limit of what is achievable?

Course Outcomes

After completing the two-day training course, participants will have an understanding of how the evolution towards a 5G standard is leading the chase to identify new spectrum, which spectrum bands are under consideration for 5G and 6G, and whether 5G or possibly 6G might mark the end to the hunger of mobile operators for more spectrum.

Day	Course Contents
Day 1	Forecasts of demand for data services Realistically forecasting spectrum demand Bands capabilities and issues with existing IMT bands New bands being considered for 5G and 6G services
Day 2	Propagation and coverage of bands above 6 GHz The spectrum efficiency of existing IMT technologies The 5G ecosystem A roadmap for the introduction of 5G services Authorization of 5G spectrum

Training Focus
This training is based on the Spectrum Monitoring Measurements and Techniques, giving an introduction into the practical aspects of spectrum monitoring measurements. You will carry out practical exercises to the limitations of spectrum monitoring measurements. The training ends with some real-life measurements.

Course Outcomes

After the training, you will be able to perform practical spectrum monitoring measurements under real conditions and limitations in the RF field. You will be able to make estimations on expected measurement results, judging the quality of the performed measurements, and planning measurement campaigns. These skills can be transferred directly to daily work.

Monitoring vs Measurement
Understand most common measurements
How to apply methods and procedures
Measurement technologies
Technical limitations of equipment

Day	Course Contents
Day 1	LS OBSERVER General Utilization Manual and automated radio monitoring Interference
Day 2	Automated monitoring Detection of regulatory unauthorized utilization Inspection Monitoring of digitally modulated signals Real time radio occupancy monitoring Monitoring of assignments
Day 3	Overview of spectrum monitoring tasks Selecting equipment according to the actual task Distinguishing between real signals and intermodulation products Limitations due to real-life environment Basic measurements Practical measurements on FM broadcast / DVB-T transmitters Different usage of homing and direction finding Locating transmitters using various methods Alternative spectrum measurement techniques (UAV/Mobile Measurements) Practical demonstrations UAV based spectrum measurement demonstrations Cellphone based mobile measurements - QoS

Spectrum Management

Training Academy

Training Academy

Spectrum Management

Your Training Contact

Dorothea Schutte

Get the details about the content and outcomes of our training courses by clicking at the training title

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